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IVMS REQUIRED TEXTBOOKS-CLICK TO LOOK INSIDE AND VIDEO EDUCATION

American Health Dilemma: Race, Medicine, and Health Care in the United States.

Medical ethicist Harriet A. Washington Random House "The fear of medicine is based on real events. And real events go way beyond -- way before and way after -- Tuskegee," says Harriet Washington. "There are things that are happening now that will keep [African Americans] from going to the hospital."

We've all heard of the Tuskegee syphilis experiment and how black men were allowed to languish and spread this fatal disease in the name of medical research -- without their knowledge or permission. In her recently released book, 'Medical Apartheid: The Dark History of Medical Experimentation on Black Americans from Colonial Times to the Present,' Harriet A. Washington painstakingly documents how blacks -- whether it's slave women unwillingly having gynecological experiments done on them or artificial blood being used in inner city hospitals -- have been dehumanized and often brutalized by a profession which takes an oath to heal. Unfortunately, Tuskegee was not an anomaly. It's no coincidence, Washington explains, that blacks do not seek medical care until "the pain is too much" often forsaking preventative care because of stories like these or blatant disrespect at the hands of doctors.

About this Textbook

Winner, 2007 National Book Critics Circle Award

Medical Apartheid is the first and only comprehensive history of medical experimentation on African Americans. Starting with the earliest encounters between black Americans and Western medical researchers and the racist pseudoscience that resulted, it details the ways both slaves and freedmen were used in hospitals for experiments conducted without their knowledge—a tradition that continues today within some black populations. It reveals how blacks have historically been prey to grave-robbing as well as unauthorized autopsies and dissections. Moving into the twentieth century, it shows how the pseudoscience of eugenics and social Darwinism was used to justify experimental exploitation and shoddy medical treatment of blacks, and the view that they were biologically inferior, oversexed, and unfit for adult responsibilities. Shocking new details about the government’s notorious Tuskegee experiment are revealed, as are similar, less-well-known medical atrocities conducted by the government, the armed forces, prisons, and private institutions.

The product of years of prodigious research into medical journals and experimental reports long undisturbed, Medical Apartheid reveals the hidden underbelly of scientific research and makes possible, for the first time, an understanding of the roots of the African American health deficit. At last, it provides the fullest possible context for comprehending the behavioral fallout that has caused black Americans to view researchers—and indeed the whole medical establishment—with such deep distrust. No one concerned with issues of public health and racial justice can afford not to read Medical Apartheid, a masterful book that will stir up both controversy and long-needed debate.

From the era of slavery to the present day, this is the first full history of black America’s shocking mistreatment as unwilling and unwitting experimental subjects at the hands of the medical establishment.

Praise for Medical Apartheid:

“This groundbreaking study documents that the infamous Tuskegee experiment, in which black syphilitic men were studied but not treated, was simply the most publicized in a long, and continuing, history of the American medical establishment using African Americans as unwitting or unwilling human guinea pigs . . . Washington is a great storyteller, and in addition to giving us an abundance of information on ‘scientific racism,’ the book, even at its most disturbing, is compulsively readable. It covers a wide range of topics—the history of hospitals not charging black patients so that, after death, their bodies could be used for anatomy classes; the exhaustive research done on black prisoners throughout the 20th century—and paints a powerful and disturbing portrait of medicine, race, sex, and the abuse of power.”

—Publishers Weekly (starred review)

“Medical ethicist and journalist Washington details the abusive medical practices to which African Americans have been subjected. She begins her shocking history in the colonial period, when owners would hire out or sell slaves to physicians for use as guinea pigs in medical experiments. Into the 19th century, black cadavers were routinely exploited for profit by whites who shipped them to medical schools for dissection and to museums and traveling shows for casual public display. The most notorious case here may be the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, in which about 600 syphilitic men were left untreated by the U.S. Public Health Service so it could study the progression of the disease, but Washington asserts that it was the forerunner to a host of similar medical abuses . . . African American skepticism about the medical establishment and reluctance to participate in medical research is an unfortunate result. One of her goals in writing this book, aside from documenting a shameful past, is to convince them that they must participate actively in therapeutic medical research, especially in areas that most affect their community’s health, while remaining ever alert to possible abuses. Sweeping and powerful.”

—Kirkus Reviews (starred review)

IVMS -The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment Notes

Bad Blood: The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment

From 1932 to 1972, the United States Public Health Service conducted a non-therapeutic experiment involving over 400 black male sharecroppers infected with syphilis. The Tuskegee Study had nothing to do with treatment. Its purpose was to trace the spontaneous evolution of the disease in order to learn how syphilis affected black subjects. The men were not told they had syphilis; they were not warned about what the disease might do to them; and, with the exception of a smattering of medication during the first few months, they were not given health care. Instead of the powerful drugs they required, they were given aspirin for their aches and pains. Health officials systematically deceived the men into believing they were patients in a government study of "bad blood", a catch-all phrase black sharecroppers used to describe a host of illnesses. At the end of this 40 year deathwatch, more than 100 men had died from syphilis or related complications. This is the modern classic of race and medicine updated with an additional chapter on the Tuskegee Experiment's legacy in the age of AIDS.

Related Health Education Learning Objects:

OUR STORY IN BRIEF! The Relationship Between America, Blacks, Health and Medicine

Race, Health Care and the Law

IVMS Race Trust and Tuskegee Medical Ethics Broken

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BRS Cell Biology and Histology, Fifth Edition Author(s): Leslie P. Gartner, PhD; James L. Hiatt, PhD; Judy M. Strum, PhD ISBN: 978-0-7817-8577-8 Student Resources

BRS Embryology, Fourth Edition Author(s): Ronald W. Dudek, PhD ISBN: 978-0-7817-7116-0 E-Book Student Resources

BRS Gross Anatomy, Sixth Edition Author(s): Kyung W. Chung, PhD ISBN: 978-0-7817-7174-0 E-Book Student Resources

BRS Pharmacology, 4th edition Author(s): Gary C. Rosenfeld, Ph.D; David S. Loose, Ph.D ISBN: 978-0-7817-8074-2 E-Book Student Resources

BRS Physiology, 4th edition Author(s): Linda S. Costanzo, Ph.D ISBN: 978-0-7817-7311-9 Student Resources

Clinically Oriented Anatomy, Sixth Edition Author(s): Keith L. Moore; Arthur F. Dalley; Anne M.R. Agur ISBN: 978-0-7817-7525-0 E-Book Student Resources Instructor Resources

Color Atlas of Histology, Fifth Edition Author(s): Leslie P. Gartner; James L. Hiatt ISBN: 978-0-7817-8872-4 E-Book Student Resources Instructor Resources

Essential Clinical Anatomy, 3rd Edition Author(s): Keith L. Moore, MSc, PhD, FIAC, FRSM; Anne Agur, BSc (OT), MSc, PhD ISBN: 978-0-7817-6274-8 E-Book Student Resources Instructor Resources

Lippincott's Illustrated Q&A Review of Biochemistry, First Edition Author(s): Michael A. Lieberman; Rick E. Ricer ISBN: 978-1-60547-302-4 Student Resources

Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Biochemistry, Fourth Edition Author(s): Pamela C. Champe, PhD ISBN: 978-0-7817-6960-0 E-Book Student Resources Instructor Resources

Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Immunology Author(s): Thao Doan, MD; Roger Melvold, PhD; Carl Waltenbaugh, PhD; Susan Viselli, PhD ISBN: 978-0-7817-9543-2 E-Book Student Resources Instructor Resources

Medical Physiology: Principles for Clinical Medicine, Third Edition Author(s): Rodney A. Rhoades, PhD; David R. Bell, PhD ISBN: 978-0-7817-6852-8 E-Book Student Resources Instructor Resources

Neuroanatomy: An Atlas of Structures, Sections, and Systems, 7th Edition Author(s): Duane E. Haines, PhD ISBN: 978-0-7817-6328-8 E-Book Student Resources Instructor Resources

NMS Psychiatry, 5th Edition Author(s): Joshua T. Thornhill, IV, MD ISBN: 978-0-7817-6514-5 E-Book Student Resources

Principles of Pharmacology: The Pathophysiologic Basis of Drug Therapy, 2^nd edition Author(s): David E. Golan, MD, PhD; Armen H. Tashjian, Jr., MD; Ehrin J. Armstrong, MD, MSc; April W. Armstrong, MD ISBN: 978-0-7817-8355-2 E-Book Instructor Resources

Disclaimer This resource is designed for students and workers in the health care sciences studying medicine for educational purposes only. It is not a comprehensive guide to disease and medicine. As such the information may not be sufficient to address specific patient problems and these should be handled by health care providers familiar with the specific clinical details relevant to the individual.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 United States License.

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